| Abstract: |
This review surveys recent advances in electric vehicle (EV) powertrains with a focus on three interrelated performance pillars: energy efficiency, torque delivery and control, and thermal management. We synthesize developments in motor topologies and multi-speed transmission strategies, power-electronics architectures, and model-based and AI/ML control methods that improve drivetrain efficiency and real-world energy consumption. Concurrently, we review torque-control techniques including high-fidelity torque vectoring and distributed-motor coordination that enhance dynamic performance, handling, and regenerative braking effectiveness. The paper also examines integrated thermal management approaches for batteries, motors, and inverters, highlighting active, passive, and hybrid systems that maintain performance, extend lifetime, and improve safety. Finally, we identify key trade-offs, remaining technical challenges (thermal limits, packaging, cost, and control complexity), and research opportunities such as holistic co-design of thermal and control systems and standardised test protocols. This synthesis aims to inform researchers and practitioners seeking to optimise EV powertrain performance in the face of accelerating market adoption and evolving system requirements. |
